Latest update from our Project Leader

So picking up the story from Thursday morning:

                We met Mr. Kitange from MIGESADO again on Thursday afternoon.  He took us to visit the local dealer in pumps, pipes and all things related to water.  We tentatively settled on the idea of EWB helping MIGESADO to add solar power to their portfolio, as a first collaboration: find sources and test samples, arrange shipments, equip a workshop for testing, repairing etc, train MIGESADO technicians, provide continuing technical support . . .  But that evening I found the TAREA (Tanzania Renewable Energy Association) website – it’s easy to find on Google, at least on Google.co.tz – and realized that they could do the job themselves!  Another thing we promised was to find out and let him know about a new design of biogas plant, which uses much less water than the original design.

                Late on Thursday evening I finally got a call from Mr. Mallole, MP for Dodoma Urban.  ‘Urban’ is misleading: it ranges 50 km from the city.  He picked us up at the hotel on Friday morning.  He was wearing his ‘parliamentary’ suit, but soon the tie was discarded and by the end of the day he was covered in dust.  We met the District Commissioner briefly and then set off for a village, Mapanduzi, with the MP and a very nice but very soft-spoken young guy who was a dentist and also a medical officer of some sort for the area.  Mapanduzi is about 30 minutes drive from Dodoma.  We went first to the dispensary (what we would call a clinic).  The nurses there have to carry water in 20 l. buckets on their heads from a well in a dry river-bed: two trips per day for the dispensary and one for their houses, which are next to the clinic .  They said 2 km, but when we went there later we estimated it was 800 m.  So the 25 km I reported previously for Ngutoto should be taken with a pinch of salt.  With guttering and two 5000 l. tanks, they could collect water from the tin roof in the rainy season, and have 40 l. per day of clean water for the remaining 250 days of the year.  They have no electric power in the dispensary: if patients have to stay overnight, they bring their own kerosene lamps.  However, they do have one fridge which is powered by some type of gas in a cylinder.  One of the nurses spends one day a week going into Dodoma to recharge their cell phones (it takes a whole day because of the bus schedule).  We took an hour or two of the nurses’s time, and when we left the clinic there were a dozen or so mothers and babies waiting patiently under the tree outside, so we asked them some questions, through Mr. Mallole, about their lives.  Then we went down to see the wells in the dry river-bed (most of which were themselves dry already).  Mr. Mallole came into his own at this stage, greeting all the villagers and explaining what we were doing.  Apparently they all said ‘Thank you for bringing the Americans to our village.  We will definitely vote for you again at the next election’.  Because this visit was arranged at short notice, we did not meet the village chairman or village council.  Going back into Dodoma, we stopped at the Water Engineer’s office and met him.  He said that there is a good bore-hole near Mapanduzi (12 cu. m. per hour) but 180 million /- is needed to complete the system, with 8 water-points in the village (1500/- to $1 US).  Mr. Mallole was so pleased with the day that he showed up at our hotel later with a box which turned out to contain 12 bottles of Tanzanian wine!  We gave two to Mr. Kitange, and have added the other 10 to our luggage . . . very heavy.

                While at the bus station buying tickets, we met another M.P. who is himself an engineer.  ‘Please come to my district in the Southern Highlands’, he said.  We regretted that we could not, but we will get back in touch with him.  On Saturday we took the bus to Dar es Salaam (7 hours) and found a miserable, dead, dusty city.  Then on Saturday night I got sick, sick, sick.  The hotel room had very intermittent electric power, and no water to the toilet (but water to the basin most of the time).  I won’t give you any more details, but it wasn’t pretty.  By Sunday afternoon I felt sort of OK so we got on the ferry to Zanzibar, but I spent the trip leaning over the rail.  The hotel here is nicer.  I could not take any food yesterday without getting sick again, so I just stayed in the hotel: Jeremy explored the old town.  Today I had some breakfast OK and it’s now lunchtime and I have a little appetite, so I think I’m on the mend.  Jeremy has gone off to a beach at the north end of the island for the day.  I will wander round the old town this afternoon.  We were planning to return to Dar es Salaam today and visit TAREA, a guy in the Vice-President’s office and maybe a couple of people at the University, but I didn’t want to do that if I was sick.  So we will stay in Zanzibar another night and fly from here to Dar es Salaam tomorrow to catch our flight to Amsterdam.

                Jeremy will be back in Boston on Thursday, but I am taking a detour to England and will arrive in Boston Saturday afternoon.  Jeremy and I will do our best to give you all a feel for our trip on Sunday.  Wine will be served – quality unknown.  Please send me an e-mail if you will be coming, so we have enough food for lunch for everybody.

Visit to two biogas plants in Monduli

As stated in the previous post, here are updated notes from my group's visit to two biogas plants in Monduli.




Visit to 2 biogas plants in Monduli


Mr. Donald Mari of KAMA was in Arusha, but he sent Mr. Elsante to meet us. Mr. Elsante took
us to two adjacent farms on steeply-sloping heavily-forested land, where he had constructed biogas
plants. They were both 6 m3 plants. Biogas contains 50-75% methane, 25-50% CO2, 0-10% N2, 0-1% H2, 0-3% H2S, 0% O2 (per Wikipedia).


In both cases, the only things visible were the concrete input tank, the man-hole-like cover over the
gas outlet, the man-hole-like cover over the outlet tank and the exit chute for the slurry, which was
collected in a hole in the ground. The input tank was double: the first chamber was dry, but was said
to be to store water, and the second was used for mixing before the plug was pulled and the mixture
flowed into the digester. In one case, vegetables were growing in the soil over the tanks: in the other,
there was nothing growing over the tanks. The water supply is municipal, so is plentiful. The first plant
was fed by 3 cows, which are ‘zero-grazed’ ie. kept in their shed, which had a concrete floor, all the
time, and dung was collected and added to the biogas system twice every day. There was a valve at
the gas outlet, and a connection for a pressure gauge (which would only be installed for diagnosis of a
problem). There was a water trap at the lowest point of the line to the house: it was said to be opened
once every two months in order to clear the pipe. Within the house, there was another valve, then the
gas was used to power a factory-made two-burner stove, which burned just like a gas stove in the US,
very controllably, as well as a mantle-type lamp, which gave very good light. Mr. Elsante said that the
price was 700,000 Shillings, ~ $450 [but it is not clear if that includes any subsidies]. The only reported problem had been a leak which once occurred near the lamp – it was detected by coating the pipes with soap solution, similar to how gas leaks are detected in the US. The residents of the house noted that the gas smells slightly like dung, which helped to keep insects away inside the house. They used the slurry for fertilizer; in addition, they had discovered that spraying a mix of filtered slurry and cow urine on to their plants was a good way to repel insects.


We did not spend as much time on our visit to the second plant, located at a neighboring farm. Their
system was also 6 m3, fed by 6 cows. The system was designed such that cow urine directly flowed into
a collection vessel. This system was also interesting in that the gas had to travel upwards, perhaps 10
feet, to reach the house; this did not cause a pressure problem.


In addition to these two 6 m3, 700k Shilling plants, Mr. Elsante mentioned that he had also built some 4 m3 plants, for which the price is 600k Shillings.


Both house-holders said that they were very pleased with the systems, which had been in operation for
about 1 year.


Neither household were Maasai. According to Kisioke, these farmers use a different breed of cow than
those prefered by the Maasai – these cows grow bigger, but are not suited to the nomadic lifestyle of
the Maasai. We discussed the implications with regards to building biogas systems for the Maasai.

Visit to Arusha

For all those following, I've been working with a group of people in the Engineers Without Borders organization on implementing some project ideas in Tanzania. Originally, we were looking at the Masaai tribe as our target market mainly because we had a connection with a local non profit there. As we progressed, we were put in communication with the Tanzanian government, specifically the Vice President and Minister of Environment and would be given endorsement if we could target our potential projects in the Dodoma district of Tanzania. Our group is currently concluding our trip there and below are some of the notes taken from the visit to Arusha on July 8th, 2011. It's pretty long.


Met Tayeb Noorbhai, Renewable Energy advisor, SNV. He is a development professional with a deep
understanding of development issues. Also Flora ?, who just joined SNV one week ago and will be
working with Tayeb. She just listened. Both are Tanzanian nationals. Peter Bos and Tom Ole Sikar,
other SNV professionals, were away. SNV is the largest Dutch NGO; however, it is independent from the Dutch government.


SNV has a history of working in Tanzania for over 40 years, on a variety of different projects, most of
them based on improving agriculture. SNV is currently concentrating on 3 areas in Tanzania: agriculture,renewable energy, and hygiene. SNV is presently working to identify the ‘value chain’ for agriculture.
They advise and work through CAMARTEC, and CAMARTEC works through regional organizations,
including KAMA in Monduli and MIGESADO in Dodoma. SNV is doing an Evergy Baseline survey (sources of energy used today, covering 300+ households) and will do a Biogas User survey. The reports will be available to us.


Four years ago,SNV began a Biogas Africa project, the ABPP (African Biogas Partner Program), following success in the Biogas Asia project – a 20 year history of working in Nepal and Vietnam. The Biogas Africa project was launched in 6 countries, including Tanzania, in 2009 and 2010. In Tanzania, this consists of support for the Tanzania Domestic Biogas Program (TDBP or TBP), which is managed by CAMARTEC [ if I understood the connections connectly]. ‘Domestic’ means ‘for one household’: they are not working on biogas plants for institutions (schools, hospitals, prisons). In addition to the TDBP, SNV works with the Small Industries Development Organization (SIDO), which has an office in every district and TAREA, the Tanzania Renewable Energy Association,based in Dar es Salaam.


CAMARTEC has existed since the 80’s, as a para-statal organization devoted to mechanization of
agriculture and rural technology. They previously worked with a German Development organization,
GTZ, to develop the fixed dome model of a biogas digestor. They mainly do research: they have
developed good technologies, but not done much commercialization of them. They provided very
little “after sales support” for digestors which they installed, which were mainly built at schools and
hospitals. Therefore, although biogas currently exists in Tanzania, it is often seen as an “elite” status
symbol.


Under the current structure of the TDBP, the main CAMARTEC/TDBP offices work with local area NGO partners across Tanzania. These include Tanzanian organizations, churches, and other foreign NGOs. KAMA (based in Monduli) and MIGESADO (based in Dodoma) are two of these organizations with local contacts, providing ‘extension’ services. They provide training for masons, technical assistance, and deliver subsidies to people interested in having biogas systems. The current subsidy for a household is Euro 190 per plant, which is about 20% of the cost (~800,000 TZ Shillings, or ~$500). Note that the rest of the cost is often covered by loans through saccos, local banks. Another one of the TDBP’s partners is OIKOS, an Italian NGO. They have specifically built “energy centers”, also known as Integrated Rural Energy Utilities (IREU), at the ward level (10000 - 40000 people), which help to train women to build stoves and masons to build biogas systems. Only two of these exist, both in the Northern part of the country – one is in Oldonyo Sambo, an hour north of Arusha, although we were not able to visit it. These were begun in South Africa, as a way of allowing rural communities to manage their own energy supplies (we should do some follow up research on the concept). Note that although this structure is similar to that which SNV has helped to set up in other countries, usually companies are used rather than NGO partners. However, SNV has found that Tanzanian masons are generally not very entrepreneurial. The Tanzania Government departments involved are the Ministry of Energy and Minerals (particularly its Rural Energy Office), and the Ministry of the Environment, which falls under the Vice President’s office. Note that there is a Mr. Mwihava who currently works in a different part of the VP’s office, but was formerly the chair of the National Biogas Steering committee; we will attempt to meet him in Dar es Salaam. Almost 50% of the Tanzanian government budget comes from foreign aid.


The national government is highly decentralized; budgets are formed at the district level. The TDBP goal (which has become an SNV goal) is to get 12000 plants installed in 5 years. 1000 were installed last year (2010), and the plan is for 2300 this year.


MIGESADO provide training for masons, quality-control services, business development training etc.
SNV strongly encourages EWB to work with MIGESADO if we go ahead with the ‘hub’ project. I had tried to reach MIGESADO by e-mail, without luck - itturns out I was given the wrong e-mail address. See a later report about our meetings with MIGESADO.


With regards to the geography of Tanzania, Tayeb saw Arusha as an area of high potential, as most
villagers (excluding the Maasai people) have zero-grazing cattle – a larger percentage of dung can be
collected, and people live in one area year round. The two systems we saw in Monduli (where ~40
systems exist) both used zero grazing cattle. Biogas is more difficult to build in Dodoma, as there is very little yearly rainfall [more on this in later reports].


There is no smell problem associated with normal biogas plants. Maybe there would be if chickens or
pigs were used (more acid). Tayeb knows that de-sulfurization filters are available and cheap if they
are needed. There is no history of biogas plants causing house-fires or explosions. Unlike for pure
methane in the USA, mercaptan (an odorant) is not added to the gas. Normal biogas digestors use a
1:1 ratio of dung and water, although SNV is interested in solid state digestors, which might only need
a 1:5 water:dung ratio. We discussed the possibilities of supplanting dung with human waste; Tayeb
expressed caution, especially because it would increase the amount of material to be filtered out (i.e.
toilet paper, condoms). Also, some people, apparently, just don’t like the idea.


We also talked about ICSEE and their stove program. Tayeb expressed disappointment that ICSEE had not been invited, but said that missing that one meeting was not of much consequence. He seemed
impressed by the numbers: 90% reduction in air pollution and 50% reduction in wood usage. He
would like to visit ICSEE next time he is near Monduli. SNV is currently at a feasbility stage in studying cookstoves, which consists of market scans, as well as a review of biomass policy (there has been confusion over the legality of charcoal in certain areas). Tayeb stressed that the key will need to
be certification of standard designs – in other words, that the goal should be to build a national list
of certified stove designs, which local agencies could then decide between. Also, he talked about
specifications for the materials for the stoves.

My Trip to Zambia

I haven't been updating my blog lately, but will be over the next day or so. This post will discuss my trip to Zambia, and I will update in a future post the progress my group has been making regarding our development project in Tanzania.

Back in February, I spent 2 weeks in Lusaka, Zambia in the Kahlinghalinga (yeah, say that 5 times fast) neighborhood. My uncle opened up the Melsim Lodge Lusaka and my dad's side of the family came to visit.

Zambia is a beautiful country and I am glad I had the opportunity to visit. It's a well developed, relaxed society that has everything you could find in the united states, including malls, clubs, and plenty of restaurants.

For most of the days, we spent a lot of time walking around the downtown area, doing some gambling at the local casino, and enjoying the night life. The highlight of the trip came through our visit to Victoria Falls. After an interesting 7hr. bus ride through the villages of Zambia, we finally arrived at probably one of the most serene sights I have ever witnessed.

We took the tour around the falls, which can get very wet, so they suggest you wear a rain coat. Luckily, they provided us with one because they were not lying. After about an hour we ended up on the border of Zambia and Zimbabwe where I was dared to bungee jump. Anyone who knows me, knows that I am not afraid to do something risky. Hence the video below,

Upon our return to Lusaka, we spent the rest of the week getting the hotel together and preparing for the festivities. A lot of people came to support the Grand Opening and it was obvious that with that kind of support, they would be very successful. 

Thats all for now, in my next few posts, I will be discussing my upcoming project in Tanzania and the progress we've made thus far. Thanks for tuning in!